Ion transmission in an electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interface using an S-lens

We present the design and performance of an in-house built electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) interface equipped with an S-lens ion guide. The ion source was designed specifically for our ion beam experiments to investigate the chemical reactivity and deposition of the clusters and nanoparticles. It includes standard ESI-MS interface components, such as nanoelectrospray, ion transfer capillary, and the S-lens. A custom design enables systematic optimization of all relevant factors influencing ion formation and transfer through the interface. By varying the ESI voltage and flow rate, we determined the optimal operating conditions for selected silica emitters. A comparison of the pulled silica emitters with different tip inner diameters reveals that the total ion current is highest for the largest tip, whereas a tip with the smallest diameter exhibited the highest transmission efficiency through the ESI-MS interface. Ion transmission through the transfer capillary is strongly limited by its length, but the loss of ions can be reduced by increasing the capillary voltage and temperature. The S-lens was characterized over a wide range of RF frequencies and amplitudes. Maximum ion current was detected at RF amplitudes greater than 50 V peak-to-peak (p/p) and frequencies above 750 kHz, with a stable ion transmission region of about 20%. A factor of 2.6 increase in total ion current is observed for 650 kHz as RF amplitudes reach 400 V p/p. Higher RF amplitudes also focus the ions into a narrow beam, which mitigates their losses when passing through the ion guide.     

Improved ion optics for introduction of ions into a 9.4‐T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer

Enhancements to the ion source and transfer optics of our 9.4 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) mass spectrometer have resulted in improved ion transmission efficiency for more sensitive mass measurement of complex mixtures at the MS and MS/MS levels. The tube lens/skimmer has been replaced by a dual ion funnel and the following octopole by a quadrupole for reduced ion cloud radial expansion before transmission into a mass‐selective quadrupole. The number of ions that reach the ICR cell is increased by an order of magnitude for the funnel/quadrupole relative to the tube lens/skimmer/octopole. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Versatile Solid-Phase Approach to the Synthesis of Oligonucleotide Conjugates with Biodegradable Hydrazone Linker

One of the ways to efficiently deliver various drugs, including therapeutic nucleic acids, into the cells is conjugating them with different transport ligands via labile or stable bonds. A convenient solid-phase approach for the synthesis of 5′-conjugates of oligonucleotides with biodegradable pH-sensitive hydrazone covalent bonds is proposed in this article. The approach relies on introducing a hydrazide of the ligand under aqueous/organic media to a fully protected support-bound oligonucleotide containing aldehyde function at the 5′-end. We demonstrated the proof-of-principle of this approach by synthesizing 5′-lipophilic (e.g., cholesterol and α-tocopherol) conjugates of modified siRNA and non-coding RNAs imported into mitochondria (antireplicative RNAs and guide RNAs for Mito-CRISPR/system). The developed method has the potential to be extended for the synthesis of pH-sensitive conjugates of oligonucleotides of different types (ribo-, deoxyribo-, 2′-O-methylribo-, and others) with ligands of different nature.     

周期波导中弹性波局部化问题的研究

基于弹性波传递矩阵方法，对周期波导中弹性波局部化问题进行了分析研究。根据互易性原理和能量地恒定律，给出了结构弹性波传递矩阵的一般表达式。采用两种求解局部化因子的计算方法，分别计算了谐和与失谐周期波导中的局部化因子，并对其进行了分析讨论。本文对周期波导中波传播与振动局部化的分析方法和计算结果可用于结构的优化设计。     

电梯轮轨耦合高频振动计算模型研究

电梯导轮和导轨相互作用产生的高频振动是电梯噪音的主要来源之一，本文基于导轨、导轮和电梯框架等各柔性构件的频响函数，建立了耦合振动系统的频域计算模型。分析了导轨表面粗糙度、导轮偏心和扁疤等激励对电梯高频振动的影响。通过与实测数据进行比较．验证了计算模型的有效性．从而为电梯的减振降噪设计提供了有用的分析工具。     

离心通风机蜗壳内部三维流动的测量和分析

利用五孔探针对离心通风机大宽度矩形截面蜗壳内部的三维流动进行了详细的测量 ,给出了蜗壳螺旋通道部分八个横截面内比较清晰的时均速度、静压和总压的分布图形 ,反映了二次旋涡的形成与发展、通流方向的扩压流动和叶轮轮盖外侧蜗壳空腔下部流动的变化、蜗舌附近的气流冲击和内泄漏现象等 ,并对这种蜗壳存在的主要损失进行了初步分类。     

Water mist attenuates guided laser based on Monte Carlo method

The round-trip attenuating process of lasers used for guiding in artificial water mists is studied with the Monte-Carlo method. A new way for confirming the scattering directions of photons is established based on calculating Mie cumulative probability distribution function of the polydisperse mist and user defined function fitting by Matlab. Two Monte-Carlo methods for photons tracking are mentioned and their efficiencies are discussed and balanced in this paper. A conclusion is come to that the Wight method is evidently more efficiency than the Event method, and the former is adopted in this paper. The radiuses of frequently-used water mists are usually in the range of 10¹–10² μm which are found to be suited to attenuate the 10.6 μm laser and can be used for laser stealth. But the effect is worse for 1.06 μm laser.     

Embedded dots inside glass for optical film using UV laser of ultrafast laser pulse

Microstructures are usually fabricated on the surface of optical sheets to improve the optical characteristics. In this study, a new fabrication process with UV (ultraviolet) laser direct writing method is developed to embed microstructures inside the glass. Then the optical properties of glass such as reflection and refraction indexes can be modified. Single- and multi-layer microstructures are designed and embedded inside glass substrate to modify the optical characteristics. Both luminance and uniformity can be controlled with the embedded microstructures. Thus, the glass with inside pattern can be used as a light guide plate to increase optical performance. First, an optical commercial software, FRED, is applied to design the microstructure configuration. Then, UV laser direct writing with output power 2.5-2.6 W, repetition rate 30 kHz, wave length: 355 nm, and pulse duration 15 ns is used to fabricate the microstructures inside the glass. The effect of dot pattern in the glass such as the dot pitch, the layer gap, and the number of layer on the optical performance is discussed. Machining capacity of UV laser ranges from micron to submicrometer; hence with this ultrafast laser pulse, objectives of various dimensions such as dot, line width, and layers can be easily embedded in the glass by one simple process. In addition, the embedded microstructures can be made with less contamination. Finally, the optical performance of the glasses with various configurations is measured using a Spectra Colorometer (Photo Research PR650) and compared with the simulated results.     

叶片与蜗舌相对位置对离心泵性能数值模拟精度影响的研究

本文选择RANS方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,采用有限体积法,在假定流动定常的前提下对离心泵中叶片与蜗舌不同相对位置时的流场进行数值模拟,总结分析了各性能参数的计算误差在不同的相对位置时的变化规律.通过叶片与蜗舌不同相对位置时对各性能参数计算误差的均方差进行比较,认为存在一个合适的相对位置使得对各性能参数的总体预测精度保持最高,为数值方法分析离心泵的性能提供了指导.     

Efficient implementation of the proper outlet flow conditions in blood flow simulations through asymmetric arterial bifurcations

We present an efficient implementation of the proper (in vivo) outlet boundary conditions in detailed, three‐dimensional (3D) and time‐periodic simulations of blood flow through arteries. This is achieved through the intermediate use of an approximate ‘simulant’ model of the outlet pressure/flow relationship corresponding to the full 3D and time‐dependent numerical simulation. This model allows us to efficiently couple the 3D outlet pressure/flow conditions to the equivalent relations due to the downstream arterial network, as obtained from a one‐dimensional approximate model in the form of Fourier frequency impedance coefficients. An adjustable time‐periodic function correction term in the simulant model requires input from the full 3D model that has to run iteratively until convergence. The advantage of the proposed numerical scheme is that it decouples the upstream detailed simulation from the downstream approximate network model offering exceptional versatility. This approach is demonstrated here in a series of detailed 3D simulations of blood flow, performed using the commercial software FLUENT?, through an asymmetric arterial bifurcation. Two cases are considered: first a healthy system patterned after the left main coronary arterial bifurcation, and second a diseased case where an occlusion has developed in one of the daughter vessels, resulting in strengthening the asymmetry of the bifurcation. Rapid convergence of the iterative process was achieved in both cases. Subtle changes occur in the shear patterns of the daughter vessels, whereas the flow distribution is quite different. In the presence of a stenosis additional regions of low shear develop due to inertial effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.